Document Type : Review Article
Authors
1 Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Siloam Diagram Heart Hospital, Cinere, Indonesia Faculty of Medicine of Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof Dr Hamka, Tangerang, Indonesia
2 Department of Emergency Medicine, Central Pertamina Hospitsl
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory vascular disorders, such as atherosclerosis, involve multiple arterial beds. An association between coronary and carotid artery disease suggests that atherosclerosis is a systemic disease. Carotid atherosclerosis disease assessment can predict the patient's risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive review of carotid atherosclerosis disease's pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, imaging applications, and treatment strategies. Carotid atherosclerosis is diagnosed using a variety of techniques, including transcranial Doppler imaging (TCD), computed tomography angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and cerebral digital subtraction angiography (DSA), with duplex ultrasound (DUS) as the primary screening. DUS of the carotid arteries is the primary screening method for carotid stenosis with CIMT may indicate early-stage carotid atherosclerosis or CVD risk. Measurements of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) have drawn attention recently as a marker of early-stage carotid atherosclerosis or CVD risk prediction. The classification of cardiovascular risk may be enhanced by the expanding fields of stress testing and carotid plaque screening.
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