Document Type : Original Article(s)

Authors

1 PhD Candidate, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

3 Professor, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Air pollution and long-term aerobic exercise are diversely associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. However, the simultaneous effect of exercise in polluted air and vitamin C on oxidative stress markers is less clear. In this study, the effect of these variables on oxidative stress markers was investigated in rats.METHODS: The study was conducted on 50 male rats. The rats were divided into 5 groups consisting of exercise, exercise with vitamin C, exercise in polluted air, exercise in polluted air with vitamin C, and control group. Animals in the exercise groups exercised on a treadmill for 12 weeks, 5 days/week, 30 minutes/day, at 50-70% of the maximum speed. Animals in the vitamin C groups received 20 mg/kg/day vitamin C orally. After 12 weeks of intervention, 2.5 ml of blood was taken from the rats’ apex. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) levels were measured using NavandSalamat’s Nalondi and Eastbiopharm’s ‎OxLDL ELISA kits, respectively. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for data analysis in SPSS software.RESULTS: There were significant differences in MDA and OxLDL levels between all groups after 12 weeks of intervention (P < 0.050). The levels of MDA and OxLDL were significantly higher in the ExPo group compared to the Ex+VitC groups (P < 0.050). However, no significant difference was observed in MDA and OxLDL levels between the vitamin C groups (P > 0.050).CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate the oxidative stress effects of air pollution, systemically and in the respiratory tract. Moreover, polluted air significantly increased OxLDL levels in both exercise in polluted air groups. Although, vitamin C slightly decreased MDA and OxLDL levels in the ExPo groups, the difference was not significant. Different vitamin C doses could have diverse and maybe significant results.

Keywords

  1. Kargarfard M, Shariat A, Shaw BS, Shaw I, Lam ET, Kheiri A, et al. Effects of polluted air on cardiovascular and hematological parameters after progressive maximal aerobic exercise. Lung 2015; 193(2): 275-81.
  2. Ruckerl R, Schneider A, Breitner S, Cyrys J, Peters A. Health effects of particulate air pollution: A review of epidemiological evidence. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23(10): 555-92.
  3. Giles LV, Koehle MS. The health effects of exercising in air pollution. Sports Med 2014; 44(2): 223-49.
  4. Davidge KS, Motterlini R, Mann BE, Wilson JL, Poole RK. Carbon monoxide in biology and microbiology: Surprising roles for the "Detroit perfume". Adv Microb Physiol 2009; 56: 85-167.
  5. Raub JA, Mathieu-Nolf M, Hampson NB, Thom SR. Carbon monoxide poisoning-a public health perspective. Toxicology 2000; 145(1): 1-14.
  6. Omaye ST. Metabolic modulation of carbon monoxide toxicity. Toxicology 2002; 180(2): 139-50.
  7. Lu Z, Streets DG, Zhang Q, Wang S, Carmichael GR, Cheng YF, et al. Sulfur dioxide emissions in China and sulfur trends in East Asia since 2000. Atmos Chem Phys 2000; 10: 6311-31.
  8. Wang XB, Du JB, Cui H. Sulfur dioxide, a double-faced molecule in mammals. Life Sci 2014; 98(2): 63-7.
  9. Gilbert NL, Woodhouse S, Stieb DM, Brook JR. Ambient nitrogen dioxide and distance from a major highway. Sci Total Environ 2003; 312(1-3): 43-6.
  10. Samoli E, Aga E, Touloumi G, Nisiotis K, Forsberg B, Lefranc A, et al. Short-term effects of nitrogen dioxide on mortality: An analysis within the APHEA project. Eur Respir J 2006; 27(6): 1129-38.
  11. Zlotnik H. World urbanization prospects: The 2018 Revision. New York, NY: United Nations Publications; 2019.
  12. Evans WJ. Vitamin E, vitamin C, and exercise. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72(2 Suppl): 647S-52S.
  13. Gleeson M, Nieman DC, Pedersen BK. Exercise, nutrition and immune function. J Sports Sci 2004; 22(1): 115-25.
  14. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. Free radicals in biology and medicine. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2015.
  15. Cherubini A, Ruggiero C, Polidori MC, Mecocci P. Potential markers of oxidative stress in stroke. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 39(7): 841-52.
  16. Slatter DA, Bolton CH, Bailey AJ. The importance of lipid-derived malondialdehyde in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2000; 43(5): 550-7.
  17. Uchida K. Role of reactive aldehyde in cardiovascular diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 28(12): 1685-96.
  18. Tsimikas S. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein biomarkers in atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2006; 8(1): 55-61.
  19. Ehara S, Ueda M, Naruko T, Haze K, Itoh A, Otsuka M, et al. Elevated levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein show a positive relationship with the severity of acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2001; 103(15): 1955-60.
  20. Meisinger C, Baumert J, Khuseyinova N, Loewel H, Koenig W. Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein, a strong predictor for acute coronary heart disease events in apparently healthy, middle-aged men from the general population. Circulation 2005; 112(5): 651-7.
  21. Chuang KJ, Chan CC, Su TC, Lee CT, Tang CS. The effect of urban air pollution on inflammation, oxidative stress, coagulation, and autonomic dysfunction in young adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176(4): 370-6.
  22. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43(7): 1334-59.
  23. Wong CM, Ou CQ, Thach TQ, Chau YK, Chan KP, Ho SY, et al. Does regular exercise protect against air pollution-associated mortality? Prev Med 2007; 44(5): 386-92.
  24. Giorgini P, Rubenfire M, Bard RL, Jackson EA, Ferri C, Brook RD. Air Pollution and Exercise: A review of the cardiovascular implications for health care professionals. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2016; 36(2): 84-95.
  25. Leandro CG, Levada AC, Hirabara SM, Manhaes-de-Castro R, De-Castro CB, Curi R, et al. A program of moderate physical training for Wistar rats based on maximal oxygen consumption.
  26. J Strength Cond Res 2007; 21(3): 751-6.
  27. Coskun S, Gonul B, Guzel NA, Balabanli B. The effects of vitamin C supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidant content in the brains of chronically exercised rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 280(1-2): 135-8.
  28. Department of Environmental Protection Agency. Air Quality of Isfahan, Iran [Online]. [cited 2019]; Available from: URL:
  29. http://www.isfahan-doe.ir/Index.aspx?page_=form&lang=1&sub=0&tempname=default&PageID=5
  30. Erhardt W, Hebestedt A, Aschenbrenner G, Pichotka B, Blumel G. A comparative study with various anesthetics in mice (pentobarbitone, ketamine-xylazine, carfentanyl-etomidate). Res Exp Med (Berl) 1984; 184(3): 159-69.
  31. Archer CR, Robinson EL, Drawnel FM, Roderick HL. Endothelin-1 promotes hypertrophic remodelling of cardiac myocytes by activating sustained signalling and transcription downstream of endothelin type A receptors. Cell Signal 2017; 36: 240-54.
  32. Tammen H. Specimen collection and handling. In: Vlahou A, Editor. Clinical Proteomics: Methods and Protocols. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media; 2008. p. 35-42.
  33. Shapiro SS, Wilk MB. An analysis of variance test for normality (Complete Samples). Biometrika 1965; 52(3/4): 591-611.
  34. Laumbach RJ, Kipen HM. Acute effects of motor vehicle traffic-related air pollution exposures on measures of oxidative stress in human airways. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1203: 107-12.
  35. Costa LG, Cole TB, Coburn J, Chang YC, Dao K, Roque PJ. Neurotoxicity of traffic-related air pollution. Neurotoxicology 2017; 59: 133-9.
  36. Romieu I, Barraza-Villarreal A, Escamilla-Nunez C, Almstrand AC, Diaz-Sanchez D, Sly PD, et al. Exhaled breath malondialdehyde as a marker of effect of exposure to air pollution in children with asthma.
  37. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121(4): 903-9.
  38. Kini RD, Tripathi Y, Raghuveer CV, Pai SR, Ramaswamy C, Kamath P. Role of vitamin c as an antioxidant in cadmium chloride induced testicular damage. Int J Appl Biol Pharm 2011; 2(3): 484-8.
  39. Ghate J, Choudhari AR, Ghugare B, Singh R. Antioxidant role of Vitamin C in normal pregnancy. Biomedical Research 2011; 22(1).
  40. Harrison FE, Green RJ, Dawes SM, May JM. Vitamin C distribution and retention in the mouse brain. Brain Res 2010; 1348: 181-6.
  41. Bouzid MA, Filaire E, Matran R, Robin S, Fabre C. Lifelong voluntary exercise modulates age-related changes in oxidative stress. Int J Sports Med 2018; 39(1): 21-8.
  42. Campen MJ, Lund A, Rosenfeld M. Mechanisms linking traffic-related air pollution and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2012; 18(2): 155-60.
  43. Soares SR, Carvalho-Oliveira R, Ramos-Sanchez E, Catanozi S, da Silva LF, Mauad T, et al. Air pollution and antibodies against modified lipoproteins are associated with atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling in hyperlipemic mice. Atherosclerosis 2009; 207(2): 368-73.
  44. Mertens A, Holvoet P. Oxidized LDL and HDL: Antagonists in atherothrombosis. FASEB J 2001; 15(12): 2073-84.
  45. Holvoet P, Stassen JM, Van Cleemput J, Collen D, Vanhaecke J. Oxidized low density lipoproteins in patients with transplant-associated coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18(1): 100-7.
  46. Yagi K, Komura S, Ishida N, Nagata N, Kohno M, Ohishi N. Generation of hydroxyl radical from lipid hydroperoxides contained in oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 190(2): 386-90.
  47. Mitsui T, Nakamura T, Ito T, Umemoto Y, Sakamoto K, Kinoshita T, et al. Exercise significantly increases plasma adrenaline and oxidized low-density lipoprotein in normal healthy subjects but not in persons with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012; 93(4): 725-7.
  48. Van Hoydonck PG, Schouten EG, Manuel YK, van
  49. Campenhout A, Hoppenbrouwers KP, Temme EH. Does vitamin C supplementation influence the levels of circulating oxidized LDL, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and vWF-antigen in healthy male smokers? Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58(12): 1587-93.