Document Type : Original Article(s)

Authors

1 Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Payame Noor University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

2 Professor, Social Determinants of Health Research Center AND Department of Community Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

4 Professor, Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

5 Professor, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

6 Associate Professor, Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

7 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

8 PhD Candidate, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

9 Professor, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Payame Noor University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

10 PhD Candidate, Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center AND Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

11 Associate Professor, Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The age-related autoinflammation-mediated atherosclerosis is associated with some immunological, nutritional, and metabolic parameters and redox status. Here, we evaluated the association of circulatory interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels with lipid profile, some nutrients, and total anti-oxidant capacity in elderly people who presented cardiovascular disease (CVD) with or without metabolic syndrome (MetS) and in healthy subjects.METHODS: In this cross-sectional case-control study, 258 sera prepared from elderly people (144 healthy and 114 patient subjects) who participated in a community-based study, the Amirkola Health and Ageing Project (AHAP), were analyzed for IL-10, lipid profile, vitamin D, selenium (Se), antioxidant capacity, and MetS.RESULTS: Compared to patients, the healthy subjects exhibited higher levels of circulatory IL-10 among individuals with detectable serum IL-10 (P = 0.036). However, this difference was not observed when total subjects from both groups were compared, since more than 90% of those people were IL-10-negative. Se, vitamin D, and antioxidant levels were similar in both groups. There was a negative association between IL-10 and body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.050) and an equivocal association with vitamin D levels, whereas the association between IL-10 and other indicated variables was not significant. Significant association was observed between MetS and CVD prevalence (P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between Se and total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) (P < 0.010) in healthy subjects and with TC in patients (P < 0.050).CONCLUSION: A major proportion of elderly people were serum IL-10-negative, whereas independently to IL-10, MetS was most common in patients with CVD. Weight loss may have the potential to increase IL-10 levels in the elderly.

Keywords

  1. World Health Organization. The top 10 causes of death [Online]. [cited 2018]; Available from: URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
  2. Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G, Williams K, Pencina M. Risk of premature cardiovascular disease vs the number of premature cardiovascular events. JAMA Cardiol 2016; 1(4): 492-4.
  3. Yu P, Xiong T, Tenedero CB, Lebeau P, Ni R, MacDonald ME, et al. Rosuvastatin reduces aortic sinus and coronary artery atherosclerosis in SR-B1 (Scavenger Receptor Class B Type 1)/ApoE (Apolipoprotein E) double knockout mice independently of plasma cholesterol lowering. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38(1): 26-39.
  4. Bessueille L, Magne D. Inflammation: A culprit for vascular calcification in atherosclerosis and diabetes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72(13): 2475-89.
  5. Fava C, Montagnana M. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease which lacks a common anti-inflammatory therapy: How human genetics can help to this issue. A Narrative Review. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9: 55.
  6. Sylvester CB, Abe JI, Patel ZS, Grande-Allen KJ. Radiation-induced cardiovascular disease: Mechanisms and importance of linear energy transfer. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5: 5.
  7. Maffia P, Cirino G. Targeting inflammation to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174(22): 3895-7.
  8. Miller YI, Shyy JY. Context-dependent role of oxidized lipids and lipoproteins in inflammation. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28(2): 143-52.
  9. Lin J, Li M, Wang Z, He S, Ma X, Li D. The role of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in macrophage-derived foam-cell formation. J Lipid Res 2010; 51(5): 1208-17.
  10. Welsh P, Murray HM, Ford I, Trompet S, de Craen AJ, Jukema JW, et al. Circulating interleukin-10 and risk of cardiovascular events: A prospective study in the elderly at risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31(10): 2338-44.
  11. Kinzenbaw DA, Chu Y, Pena Silva RA, Didion SP, Faraci FM. Interleukin-10 protects against aging-induced endothelial dysfunction. Physiol Rep 2013; 1(6): e00149.
  12. Mostafazadeh A, Saravi M, Niaki HA, Drabbels J, Gholipour HM, Minagar M, et al. HLA-DRBeta1, circulating Th1/Th2 cytokines and immunological homunculus in coronary atherosclerosis. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011; 10(1): 11-9.
  13. Cervantes Gracia K, Llanas-Cornejo D, Husi H. CVD and Oxidative Stress. J Clin Med 2017; 6(2).
  14. Limberaki E, Eleftheriou P, Vagdatli E, Kostoglou V, Petrou C. Serum antioxidant status among young, middle-aged and elderly people before and after antioxidant rich diet. Hippokratia 2012; 16(2): 118-23.
  15. Zachara BA. Selenium and selenium-dependent antioxidants in chronic kidney disease. Adv Clin Chem 2015; 68: 131-51.
  16. Huang Z, Rose AH, Hoffmann PR. The role of selenium in inflammation and immunity: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16(7): 705-43.
  17. Suthar OP, Mathur S, Gupta V, Agarwal H, Mathur A, Singh P, et al. Study of correlation of serum vitamin d levels with arterial stiffness and cardiovascular morbidity in elderly individuals of western Rajasthan. J Assoc Physicians India 2018; 66(3): 18-21.
  18. Dhingra R, Gona P, Nam BH, D'Agostino RB Sr, Wilson PW, Benjamin EJ, et al. C-reactive protein, inflammatory conditions, and cardiovascular disease risk. Am J Med 2007; 120(12): 1054-62.
  19. El-Fakhri N, McDevitt H, Shaikh MG, Halsey C, Ahmed SF. Vitamin D and its effects on glucose homeostasis, cardiovascular function and immune function. Horm Res Paediatr 2014; 81(6): 363-78.
  20. van Exel E, Gussekloo J, de Craen AJ, Frolich M, Bootsma-Van Der Wiel A, Westendorp RG. Low production capacity of interleukin-10 associates with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: The Leiden 85-Plus Study. Diabetes 2002; 51(4): 1088-92.
  21. Esposito K, Pontillo A, Giugliano F, Giugliano G, Marfella R, Nicoletti G, et al. Association of low interleukin-10 levels with the metabolic syndrome in obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88(3): 1055-8.
  22. Hosseini SR, Cumming RG, Kheirkhah F, Nooreddini H, Baiani M, Mikaniki E, et al. Cohort profile: The Amirkola Health and Ageing Project (AHAP). Int J Epidemiol 2014; 43(5): 1393-400.
  23. Azizi F, Hadaegh F, Khalili D, Esteghamati A, Hosseinpanah F, Delavari A, et al. Appropriate definition of metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults: Report of the Iranian National Committee of Obesity. Arch Iran Med 2010; 13(5): 426-8.
  24. Benzie IF, Strain JJ. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": The FRAP assay. Anal Biochem 1996; 239(1): 70-6.
  25. Xu RX, Guo YL, Li XL, Li S, Li JJ. Impact of short-term low-dose atorvastatin on low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein subfraction phenotype. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 41(7): 475-81.
  26. Huet O, Laemmel E, Fu Y, Dupic L, Aprico A, Andrews KL, et al. Interleukin 10 antioxidant effect decreases leukocytes/endothelial interaction induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Shock 2013; 39(1): 83-8.
  27. Virtamo J, Valkeila E, Alfthan G, Punsar S, Huttunen JK, Karvonen MJ. Serum selenium and the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 122(2): 276-82.
  28. Flores-Mateo G, Navas-Acien A, Pastor-Barriuso R, Guallar E. Selenium and coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84(4): 762-73.
  29. Sabino P, Stranges S, Strazzullo P. Does selenium matter in cardiometabolic disorders? A short review of the evidence. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36(10 Suppl): 21-7.
  30. Murata Y, Shimamura T, Hamuro J. The polarization of T(h)1/T(h)2 balance is dependent on the intracellular thiol redox status of macrophages due to the distinctive cytokine production. Int Immunol 2002; 14(2): 201-12.
  31. Peterson JD, Herzenberg LA, Vasquez K, Waltenbaugh C. Glutathione levels in antigen-presenting cells modulate Th1 versus Th2 response patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95(6): 3071-6.
  32. Kidd P. Th1/Th2 balance: The hypothesis, its limitations, and implications for health and disease. Altern Med Rev 2003; 8(3): 223-46.
  33. Feingold KR, Grunfeld C. Role of cytokines in inducing hyperlipidemia. Diabetes 1992; 41 Suppl 2: 97-101.
  34. Dimeloe S, Rice LV, Chen H, Cheadle C, Raynes J, Pfeffer P, et al. Vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3) induces alpha-1-antitrypsin synthesis by CD4(+) T cells, which is required for 1,25(OH)2D3-driven IL-10. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 189: 1-9.
  35. Kiani K, Roohafza H, Gharipour M, Dianatkhah M, Talaei M, Oveisgharan S, et al. The association between the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and cardiovascular events in individuals with and without metabolic syndrome. ARYA Atheroscler 2018; 14(6): 254-9.