Document Type : Original Article(s)

Authors

1 Associate Professor, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences AND Food Security and Nutrition Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

4 Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health‎, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

5 School of Nutrition and Food Sciences AND Food Security and Nutrition Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) which controls body weight, glucose homeostasis, and adipocyte differentiation is a valuable candidate gene for insulin resistance (IR). The present study aimed to compare the effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and usual dietary advice (UDA) on PPAR-γ gene expression in women at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD).METHODS: This randomized controlled trial was performed on 44 women aged 20-50 years at risk for CVD (BMI > 25 kg/m2 and low physical activity). Participants were randomly assigned to the UDA (n = 22) or DASH (n = 22) diets for 12 weeks. The DASH diet was rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy products and low in saturated fat, total fat, cholesterol, refined grains and sweets, with a total of 2400 mg/day sodium. The UDA diet was a regular diet with healthy dietary advice. Anthropometric indices and PPAR-γ gene expression were measured and compared between the two groups at the end of the study.RESULTS: After the intervention, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) significantly decreased in the DASH group (P < 0.050) but the results showed no significant differences between the two groups. At the end of the trial, PPAR-γ gene expression was significantly different between the UDA and the DASH diet groups (P = 0.040) and this difference remained significant after adjustment for BMI, and physical activity (P = 0.030).CONCLUSION: The result of the study showed that the DASH diet significantly decreased the expression of PPAR-γ. This finding was unexpected and future studies on the current topic are therefore recommended.

Keywords

  1. Mirhoseini M, Baradaran A, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Medicinal plants, diabetes mellitus and urgent needs. J Herbmed Pharmacol 2013; 2(2): 53-4.
  2. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Sherwood A, Craighead L, Lin PH, Johnson J, et al. Effects of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet alone and in combination with exercise and caloric restriction on insulin sensitivity and lipids. Hypertension 2010; 55(5): 1199-205.
  3. Kahn SE, Suvag S, Wright LA, Utzschneider KM. Interactions between genetic background, insulin resistance and beta-cell function. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14(Suppl 3): 46-56.
  4. Ahlqvist E, Ahluwalia TS, Groop L. Genetics of type 2 diabetes. Clin Chem 2011; 57(2): 241-54.
  5. Phillips CM. Nutrigenetics and metabolic disease: Current status and implications for personalised nutrition. Nutrients 2013; 5(1): 32-57.
  6. Ghorbani A, Baradaran A. Magnesium and diabetes mellitus. J Renal Inj Prev 2012; 1(2): 46-7.
  7. Hinderliter AL, Babyak MA, Sherwood A, Blumenthal JA. The DASH diet and insulin sensitivity. Curr Hypertens Rep 2011; 13(1): 67-73.
  8. Niculescu MD. Are we ready for personalized dietary guidelines? J Hum Nutr Food Sci 2013; 1: 1013.
  9. Garmaroudi G, Moradi A. Socio-Economic status in Iran: A study of measurement index. Payesh Health Monit 2010; 9(2): 137-44. [In Persian].
  10. Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC, Irwin ML, Swartz AM, Strath SJ, et al. Compendium of physical activities: An update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32(9 Suppl): S498-S504.
  11. Sarkissian M. Food composition table of Iran. Tehran, Iran: Iran Institute of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology; 1980. [In Persian].
  12. Mahan LK, Escott-Stump S, Raymond JL, Krause MV. Krause's food & the nutrition care process. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012.
  13. Esmaeili A, Zaker SR. Differential expression of glycine receptor subunit messenger RNA in the rat following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2011; 49(2): 280-4.
  14. Adamo KB, Dent R, Langefeld CD, Cox M, Williams K, Carrick KM, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 and acyl-CoA synthetase 5 polymorphisms influence diet response. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15(5): 1068-75.
  15. Ruiz-Narvaez EA, Kraft P, Campos H. Ala12 variant of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene (PPARG) is associated with higher polyunsaturated fat in adipose tissue and attenuates the protective effect of polyunsaturated fat intake on the risk of myocardial infarction. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86(4): 1238-42.
  16. Yongming P, Zhaowei C, Yichao M, Keyan Z, Liang C, Fangming C, et al. Involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in cardiac and vascular remodeling in a novel minipig model of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis induced by consumption of a high-fat/cholesterol diet. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14: 6.
  17. Baptista T, Sandia I, Fernandez E, Balzan L, Connell L, Uzcategui E, et al. Metabolic syndrome and related variables, insulin resistance, leptin levels, and PPAR-gamma2 and leptin gene polymorphisms in a pedigree of subjects with bipolar disorder. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2015; 0: 0.
  18. Soares FL, de Oliveira MR, Teixeira LG, Menezes Z, Pereira SS, Alves AC, et al. Gluten-free diet reduces adiposity, inflammation and insulin resistance associated with the induction of PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma expression. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24(6): 1105-11.
  19. Rangwala SM, Lazar MA. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in diabetes and metabolism. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004; 25(6): 331-6.
  20. Lehrke M, Lazar MA. The many faces of PPARgamma. Cell 2005; 123(6): 993-9.
  21. Berger JP, Akiyama TE, Meinke PT. PPARs: Therapeutic targets for metabolic disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2005; 26(5): 244-51.
  22. Seymour EM, Lewis SK, Urcuyo-Llanes DE, Tanone II, Kirakosyan A, Kaufman PB, et al. Regular tart cherry intake alters abdominal adiposity, adipose gene transcription, and inflammation in obesity-prone rats fed a high fat diet. J Med Food 2009; 12(5): 935-42.
  23. Liao W, Nguyen MT, Yoshizaki T, Favelyukis S, Patsouris D, Imamura T, et al. Suppression of PPAR-gamma attenuates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by affecting both GLUT1 and GLUT4 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 293(1): E219-E227.
  24. Liu WX, Wang T, Zhou F, Wang Y, Xing JW, Zhang S, et al. Voluntary exercise prevents colonic inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obese mice by up-regulating PPAR-gamma activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459(3): 475-80.
  25. Long Y, Zhang XX, Chen T, Gao Y, Tian HM. Radix astragali improves dysregulated triglyceride metabolism and attenuates macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue in high-fat diet-induced obese male rats through activating mtorc1-PPAR gamma signaling pathway. PPAR Res 2014; 2014: 189085.
  26. Liu Q, Wang CY, Liu Z, Ma XS, He YH, Chen SS, et al. Hydroxysafflor yellow A suppresses liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride with high-fat diet by regulating PPAR-gamma/p38 MAPK signaling. Pharm Biol 2014; 52(9): 1085-93.
  27. Lopez-Miranda J, Perez-Martinez P, Marin C,
  28. Fuentes F, Delgado J, Perez-Jimenez F. Dietary fat, genes and insulin sensitivity. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85(3): 213-26.
  29. Hajjar T, Meng GY, Rajion MA, Vidyadaran S, Othman F, Farjam AS, et al. Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid improves spatial learning and hippocampal peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARalpha and PPARgamma) gene expression in rats. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13: 109.
  30. Abraham R, Ramakrishnan L, Parshad R, Seenu V, Prabhakaran D, Bahl V. Exploring the role of fatty acid on transcription factors regulating fatty acid metabolism with emphasis on trans fatty acid. Food Nutr Sci 2013; 4(9A): 33-8.
  31. Bao L, Cai X, Dai X, Ding Y, Jiang Y, Li Y, et al. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts ameliorate podocyte injury by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1alpha in low-dose streptozotocin-and high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet-induced diabetic rats. Food Funct 2014; 5(8): 1872-80.
  32. Schmitz G, Ecker J. The opposing effects of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 2008; 47(2): 147-55.
  33. Prakash J, Srivastava N, Awasthi S, Agarwal C, Natu S, Rajpal N, et al. Association of PPAR-gamma gene polymorphisms with obesity and obesity-associated phenotypes in North Indian population. Am J Hum Biol 2012; 24(4): 454-9.
  34. Frederiksen L, Brodbaek K, Fenger M, Jorgensen T, Borch-Johnsen K, Madsbad S, et al. Comment: Studies of the pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR-gamma gene in the Danish MONICA cohort: Homozygosity of the Ala allele confers a decreased risk of the insulin resistance syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87(8): 3989-92.
  35. Medina-Gomez G, Virtue S, Lelliott C, Boiani R, Campbell M, Christodoulides C, et al. The link between nutritional status and insulin sensitivity is dependent on the adipocyte-specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 isoform. Diabetes 2005; 54(6): 1706-1.