Document Type : Original Article(s)

Authors

1 General Practitioner, Heart Failure Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

3 General Practitioner, Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

4 Medical Student, School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, United Kingdom

5 Professor, Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

6 Professor, Interventional Cardiology Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

7 Professor, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most common non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which in 2017 accounted for 1.65% of all deaths, and 0.66% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). About 25% of the adult population are hypertensive in Iran. Prevalence of HTN is significantly higher in those with a family history of HTN. This study compares the impact of paternal and maternal history of HTN on the risk of HTN development.METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 2107 adults of 18-84 years old residing in Isfahan, Iran, from August 2015 to March 2016. Blood pressure (BP) measurement standards were taken from World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. We measured BP in the right arm for three times at 1-minute intervals and considered the mean of second and third measurements. Other data were collected by questionnaire.RESULTS: Prevalence of HTN was higher in participants whose mother or both parents were hypertensive (P < 0.001). Diastolic BP (DBP) was affected by every side of parental history (P < 0.001), while systolic BP(SBP) was affected when both parents were hypertensive (P < 0.001). As a result, maternal family history increased the odds of HTN by 1.9 times [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.35-2.65] and both maternal and paternal history increased it by 3.1 times (95% CI: 2.01-4.78) compared to those with no family history. However, paternal history was not significantly related to the odds of HTN.CONCLUSION: Our study results demonstrate that maternal history of HTN doubles the odds of HTN. Besides, if both parents are hypertensive, it will be tripled.

Keywords

  1. GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388(10053): 1659-724.
  2. Mirzaei M, Moayedallaie S, Jabbari L, Mohammadi M. Prevalence of Hypertension in Iran 1980-2012: A Systematic Review. J Tehran Heart Cent 2016; 11(4): 159-67.
  3. Kuehn BM. Hypertension Rates in Rural Areas Outpace Those in Urban Locales. JAMA 2020; 323(24): 2454.
  4. Sarki AM, Nduka CU, Stranges S, Kandala NB, Uthman OA. Prevalence of Hypertension in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94(50): e1959.
  5. Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, Reed JE, Kearney PM, Reynolds K, et al. Global Disparities of Hypertension Prevalence and Control: A Systematic Analysis of Population-Based Studies from 90 Countries. Circulation 2016; 134(6): 441-50.
  6. Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 16(4): 223-37.
  7. Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, Anderson SG, Callender T, Emberson J, et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2016; 387(10022): 957-67.
  8. Do HT, Geleijnse JM, Le MB, Kok FJ, Feskens EJ. National prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension and prehypertension among Vietnamese adults. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28(1): 89-97.
  9. Ndanuko RN, Tapsell LC, Charlton KE, Neale EP, Batterham MJ. Dietary Patterns and Blood Pressure in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Adv Nutr 2016; 7(1): 76-89.
  10. Zhou W, Shi Y, Li YQ, Ping Z, Wang C, Liu X, et al. Body mass index, abdominal fatness, and hypertension incidence: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Hum Hypertens 2018; 32(5): 321-33.
  11. Khosravi A, Gharipour M, Behjati M, Sadeghi M, Nezafati P, Talaie M, et al. Paternal or maternal history of hypertension is more important in increasing the risk of hypertension inoffspring? Acta Biomed 2016; 87(2): 161-7.
  12. Stamler R, Stamler J, Riedlinger WF, Algera G, Roberts RH. Family (parental) history and prevalence of hypertension. Results of a nationwide screening program. JAMA 1979; 241(1): 43-6.
  13. Ranasinghe P, Cooray DN, Jayawardena R, Katulanda P. The influence of family history of hypertension on disease prevalence and associated metabolic risk factors among Sri Lankan adults. BMC Public Health 2015; 15: 576.
  14. Benson L, Baer HJ, Greco PJ, Kaelber DC. When is family history obtained?-Lack of timely documentation of family history among overweight and hypertensive paediatric patients. J Paediatr Child Health 2010; 46(10): 600-5.
  15. Eghbali-Babadi M, Khosravi A, Feizi A, Sarrafzadegan N. Design and implementation of a combined observational and interventional study: Trends of prevalence, awareness, treatment and control hypertension and the effect of expanded chronic care model on control, treatment and self-care. ARYA Atheroscler 2017; 13(5): 211-20.
  16. Eghbali M, Khosravi A, Feizi A, Mansouri A, Mahaki B, Sarrafzadegan N. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, control, and risk factors of hypertension among adults: A cross-sectional study in Iran. Epidemiol Health 2018; 40: e2018020.
  17. Hansen TW, Thijs L, Li Y, Boggia J, Kikuya M, Bjorklund-Bodegard K, et al. Prognostic value of reading-to-reading blood pressure variability over 24 hours in 8938 subjects from 11 populations. Hypertension 2010; 55(4): 1049-57.
  18. Parati G. Blood pressure variability: Is measurement and significance in hypertension. J Hypertens Suppl 2005; 23(1): S19-S25.
  19. Hackam DG, Quinn RR, Ravani P, Rabi DM, Dasgupta K, Daskalopoulou SS, et al. The 2013 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for blood pressure measurement, diagnosis, assessment of risk, prevention, and treatment of hypertension. Can J Cardiol 2013; 29(5): 528-42.
  20. World Health Organization. WHO STEPS surveillance manual [Online]. [cited 2005]; Available from: URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43376
  21. Gee ME, Campbell N, Sarrafzadegan N, Jafar T, Khalsa TK, Mangat B, et al. Standards for the uniform reporting of hypertension in adults using population survey data: Recommendations from the World Hypertension League Expert Committee. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2014; 16(11): 773-81.
  22. Wu XY, Li Q, Yan H, Liu DM, Gao JY, Zhao YL. Association between family history and the risk of hypertension in rural districts of Hanzhong in Shaanxi province. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2017; 38(8): 1050-4.
  23. Liu M, He Y, Jiang B, Wang J, Wu L, Wang Y, et al. Association Between Family History and Hypertension Among Chinese Elderly. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94(48): e2226.
  24. Igarashi R, Fujihara K, Heianza Y, Ishizawa M, Kodama S, Saito K, et al. Impact of individual components and their combinations within a family history of hypertension on the incidence of hypertension: Toranomon hospital health management center study 22. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95(38): e4564.
  25. World Health Organization. Hypertension [Online]. [cited 2019]; Available from: URL: https://www.who.int/health-topics/hypertension#tab=tab_1
  26. Goldstein IB, Shapiro D, Weiss RE. How family history and risk factors for hypertension relate to ambulatory blood pressure in healthy adults. J Hypertens 2008; 26(2): 276-83.
  27. Zhou L, Chen Y, Sun N, Liu X. Family history of hypertension and arterial elasticity characteristics in healthy young people. Hypertens Res 2008; 31(5): 833-9.
  28. Lascaux-Lefebvre V, Ruidavets JB, Arveiler D, Amouyel P, Haas B, Cottel D, et al. Influence of parental histories of cardiovascular risk factors on risk factor clusters in the offspring. Diabetes Metab 2001; 27(4 Pt 1): 503-9.
  29. Wang S, Li R, Fettermann A, Li Z, Qian Y, Liu Y, et al. Maternally inherited essential hypertension is associated with the novel 4263A>G mutation in the mitochondrial tRNAIle gene in a large Han Chinese family. Circ Res 2011; 108(7): 862-70.
  30. Wilson FH, Hariri A, Farhi A, Zhao H, Petersen KF, Toka HR, et al. A cluster of metabolic defects caused by mutation in a mitochondrial tRNA. Science 2004; 306(5699): 1190-4.