Document Type : Original Article(s)
Authors
- Asma Salari-Moghaddam 1
- Parisa Hajihashemi 2
- Reyhane Basirat 3
- Seyed Mohammad Mousavi 1
- Amin Salehi-Abargouei 4
- Bagher Larijani 5
- Ahmad Esmaillzadeh 6
1 PhD Candidate, Students Scientific Research Center AND Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 PhD Candidate, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
3 PhD Candidate, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
4 Assistant Professor, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center AND Department of Nutrition, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
5 Professor, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
6 Professor, Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute AND Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran AND Food Security Research Center AND Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and general/central obesity has extensively been examined, limited data are available in this regard among children. The aim of this study was to examine the association between household SES and obesity among children.METHODS: This cross-sectional study was done in Farrokhshahr, Iran, among primary school children aged 6-12 years in 2009. SES was examined using participants’ and their parents’ oral responses to a pretested questionnaire. In the current study, participants were classified based on tertiles of SES score to low, medium, and high SES categories. General as well as central obesity was defined based on age- and sex-specific national cut-off points.RESULTS: Comparing individuals in the highest versus lowest tertile of SES, there was no significant difference in mean waist circumference (WC), but those in the middle tertile of SES had greater means of body mass index (BMI) than those in the lowest tertile after controlling for potential confounders (16.19 ± 0.27 vs. 15.27 ± 0.27 kg/m2, P = 0.002). We observed a greater chance of general obesity for those in the highest tertile of SES compared with those in the lowest tertile [odds ratio (OR): 4.00, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.53-10.59, Ptrend = 0.004]. No significant association was seen between SES and central obesity, either before or after controlling for potential confounders.CONCLUSION: We found that children in the highest SES class had a greater chance of general obesity than those in the lowest SES class. There was no significant association between SES and central obesity.
Keywords
- Flegal KM, Tabak CJ, Ogden CL. Overweight in children: Definitions and interpretation. Health Educ Res 2006; 21(6): 755-60.
- Lakshman R, Elks CE, Ong KK. Childhood obesity. Circulation 2012; 126(14): 1770-9.
- Karnik S, Kanekar A. Childhood obesity: A global public health crisis. Int J Prev Med 2012; 3(1): 1-7.
- Kelishadi R, Ardalan G, Gheiratmand R, Majdzadeh R, Hosseini M, Gouya MM, et al. Thinness, overweight and obesity in a national sample of Iranian children and adolescents: CASPIAN Study. Child Care Health Dev 2008; 34(1): 44-54.
- Patton GC, Coffey C, Carlin JB, Sawyer SM, Williams J, Olsson CA, et al. Overweight and obesity between adolescence and young adulthood: A 10-year prospective cohort study. J Adolesc Health 2011; 48(3): 275-80.
- Oliveira AM, Oliveira AC, Almeida MS, Oliveira N, Adan L. Influence of the family nucleus on obesity in children from northeastern Brazil: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2007; 7: 235.
- Singh GK, Kogan MD, Van Dyck PC, Siahpush M. Racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, and behavioral determinants of childhood and adolescent obesity in the United States: Analyzing independent and joint associations. Ann Epidemiol 2008; 18(9): 682-95.
- Langnase K, Mast M, Muller MJ. Social class differences in overweight of prepubertal children in northwest Germany. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26(4): 566-72.
- Danielzik S, Czerwinski-Mast M, Langnase K, Dilba B, Muller MJ. Parental overweight, socioeconomic status and high birth weight are the major determinants of overweight and obesity in 5-7 y-old children: Baseline data of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS). Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28(11): 1494-502.
- Noh JW, Kim YE, Oh IH, Kwon YD. Influences of socioeconomic factors on childhood and adolescent overweight by gender in Korea: Cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative sample. BMC Public Health 2014; 14: 324.
- Ji CY, Cheng TO. Prevalence and geographic distribution of childhood obesity in China in 2005. Int J Cardiol 2008; 131(1): 1-8.
- Julia M, van Weissenbruch MM, de Waal HA, Surjono A. Influence of socioeconomic status on the prevalence of stunted growth and obesity in prepubertal Indonesian children. Food Nutr Bull 2004; 25(4): 354-60.
- Zhang YX, Wang SR. Rural-urban comparison in prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents in Shandong, China. Ann Hum Biol 2013; 40(3): 294-7.
- Laxmaiah A, Nagalla B, Vijayaraghavan K, Nair
- M. Factors affecting prevalence of overweight among 12- to 17-year-old urban adolescents in Hyderabad, India. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15(6): 1384-90.
- Mushtaq MU, Gull S, Abdullah HM, Shahid U, Shad MA, Akram J. Prevalence and socioeconomic correlates of overweight and obesity among Pakistani primary school children. BMC Public Health 2011; 11: 724.
- de Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ 2007; 85(9): 660-7.
- Kelishadi R, Gouya MM, Ardalan G, Hosseini M, Motaghian M, Delavari A, et al. First reference curves of waist and hip circumferences in an Asian population of youths: CASPIAN study. J Trop Pediatr 2007; 53(3): 158-64.
- Faghihimani Z, Nourian M, Nikkar AH, Farajzadegan Z, Khavariyan N, Ghatrehsamani S, et al. Validation of the child and adolescent international physical activity questionnaires in Iranian children and adolescents. ARYA Atheroscler 2009; 5(4): 1-4.
- Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Pepe MS, Seidel KD, Dietz WH. Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. N Engl J Med 1997; 337(13): 869-73.
- Tang HK, Dibley MJ, Sibbritt D, Tran HM. Gender and socio-economic differences in BMI of secondary high school students in Ho Chi Minh city. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007; 16(1): 74-83.
- McDonald CM, Baylin A, Arsenault JE, Mora-Plazas M, Villamor E. Overweight is more prevalent than stunting and is associated with socioeconomic status, maternal obesity, and a snacking dietary pattern in school children from Bogota, Colombia. J Nutr 2009; 139(2): 370-6.
- Wickramasinghe VP, Lamabadusuriya SP, Atapattu N, Sathyadas G, Kuruparanantha S, Karunarathne P. Nutritional status of schoolchildren in an urban area of Sri Lanka. Ceylon Med J 2004; 49(4): 114-8.
- Maddah M, Nikooyeh B. Obesity among Iranian adolescent girls: Location of residence and parental obesity. J Health Popul Nutr 2010; 28(1): 61-6.
- Kotian MS, GK S, Kotian SS. Prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity among adolescent school children of South karnataka, India. Indian J Community Med 2010; 35(1): 176-8.
- Friedman LS, Lukyanova EM, Serdiuk A, Shkiryak-Nizhnyk ZA, Chislovska NV, Zvinchuk AV, et al. Social-environmental factors associated with elevated body mass index in a Ukrainian cohort of children. Int J Pediatr Obes 2009; 4(2): 81-90.
- Mocanu V. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in urban elementary school children in northeastern Romania: Its relationship with socioeconomic status and associated dietary and lifestyle factors. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013: 537451.
- Dinsa GD, Goryakin Y, Fumagalli E, Suhrcke M. Obesity and socioeconomic status in developing countries: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2012; 13(11): 1067-79.
- Noh JW, Kim YE, Park J, Oh IH, Kwon YD. Impact of parental socioeconomic status on childhood and adolescent overweight and underweight in Korea. J Epidemiol 2014; 24(3): 221-9.
- You J, Choo J. Adolescent Overweight and Obesity: Links to Socioeconomic Status and Fruit and Vegetable Intakes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13(3).
- Kimani-Murage EW, Kahn K, Pettifor JM, Tollman SM, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Norris SA. Predictors of adolescent weight status and central obesity in rural South Africa. Public Health Nutr 2011; 14(6): 1114-22.
- Gurzkowska B, Kulaga Z, Litwin M, Grajda A, Swiader A, Kulaga K, et al. The relationship between selected socioeconomic factors and basic anthropometric parameters of school-aged children and adolescents in Poland. Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173(1): 45-52.
- Chao CY, Shih CC, Wang CJ, Wu JS, Lu FH, Chang CJ, et al. Low socioeconomic status may increase the risk of central obesity in incoming university students in Taiwan. Obes Res Clin Pract 2014; 8(3): e201-e298.
)